Chapter 05(外部效应).ppt

Implications for Income Distribution Who Benefits? Who Bears the Cost? 5-* * Axes and labels 1st click – MB 2nd click – MPC, Q1 3rd click – MD 4t click – MSC, Q* * Axes and labels 1st click – MB 2nd click – MPC, Q1 3rd click – MD 4t click – MSC, Q* * Axes and labels 1st click – MP shifts up to MPC + cd 2nd click – Pigouvian tax revenues box * Axes and labels 1st click – MP shifts up to MPC + cd 2nd click – dashed lines fi, hj, and hf 3rd click = Pigouvian subsidy * Axes and labels 1st click – MSB 2nd click – MC 3rd click – dashed line and e* 4th click – f* and brown horizontal line * axes and labels for both graphs 1st click – MCB and dashed vertical lines, MCH and dashed vertical black line 2nd click – horizontal dashed brown line and vertical dashed brown line 3rd click – dashed brown line and Bart’s dashed black line at 50 disappear 4th click – line at f = $50 wipes right 5th click – Bart’s tax payment 6th click – Homer’s tax payment * axes and labels for both graphs 1st click – MCB and dashed vertical lines, MCH and dashed vertical black line; horizontal dashed brown line and vertical dashed brown line 2nd click – 3rd click – dashed brown line and Bart’s dashed black line at 50 disappear 4th click – line at f = $50 wipes right 5th click – Bart’s tax payment 6th click – Homer’s tax payment * Axes and labels 1st click – MSB 2nd click – MC* 3rd click – MC’ 4th click – f* * Axes and labels 1st click – MSB 2nd click – MC* 3rd click – MC’ 4th click – f* * Axes and labels 1st click – MPB 2nd click – MC and R* 3rd click – MEB 4th click MSB and R1 Externalities Externality – An activity on one entity that affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism 一个人的活动以市场机制之外的某种方式直接影响他人福利时 Not an Externality – suburban-urban migration example The Nature of Externalities Privately-owned versus commonly-owned resources （外部性是产权不清晰的结果） Externalities can be produced by consumers as well as firms Externalities are reciprocal in nature（相互性） Ext