英汉对比翻译：长句段落.ppt

（50） They may teach very well， and more than earn their salaries， but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. 1、教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。 From 长句 to 语段 1)形合与意合 英语重形式联结，从基本句构筑到语段，均重形式，形成形式主轴。 汉语重非形式联结，从基本句构筑到语段，均重意念，形成意念主轴。 While all our plans were still in the blue-print stage, our competitors got the jump on us. 我们还在运筹之中，对手就抢先了一步。 （英译汉时，一些形合手段可以省略。由繁入简，减词法）  Parataxis: the arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them.(clauses, sentences or paragraphs are organized into texts mainly through meaning, not form) （汉译英增补形合手段,由简入繁，增词法） Hypotaxis: the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. ( the words or sentences in a text are connected with each other mainly through structural means, both lexical and morphological) 知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。（孙子《谋攻》） (若）知己（而又）知彼，（则）百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知己（而又）不知彼，（则）每战（将）必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark. 2.在从基本句到句段的组织过程中，汉语句段可以充当一个句子，形成词组与句子交替使用的句段，因此汉语句段中既有句子，也有词组。双语转换中，仔细剖析句段将不完整的结构补充完整。英语的词组不能代替句子使用，句子都必须具备核心成分sv.英语中的短语必须从属于一个句子，有从属形式标定。 2)汉英语段结构的差异： 在从基本句到句段的组织过程中，汉语“句段”可以充当一个句子，形成词组与句子交替使用的句段，因此汉语句段中既有句子，也有词组。 英语的词组不能代替句子使用，句子都必须具备核心成分sv.英语中的短语必须从属于一个句子，有从属形式标定。 汉英转换中，仔细剖析句段将不完整的结构补充完整。 阿Q没有家，（他）住在本庄的土谷祠里；（他）也没有固定的职业，只给人家做短工，（人家叫他）割麦（他）便割麦，（人家叫他）舂米（他）便舂米，（人家叫他）撑船（他）便撑船。 Ah Q had no family but lived in the Tutelary God’s temple at Weichuang. He had no regular work either, simply doing odd jobs for others: if they asked him to cut wheat he would cut it; if they asked him to grind rice or punt a boat he would also do that for them. 3)汉英语段扩展模式： 汉语的语段属于扩（流）散型divergent，句段被散