应用电化学Chapter 5.ppt

Chapter 5   Chemical Power Sources 5.1 Introduction A battery is a device which can store chemical energy and, on demand, convert it into electrical energy to drive an external circuit. The electrical energy results from a spontaneous chemical change within the battery. Development of batteries: 1800 Volta cell 1836 Daniell cell Generator 5.1.1 Classification of chemical power sources (1)??? Primary cell It ban not be recharged. The cell reactions are irreversible. e.g. Zn∣NH4Cl, ZnCl2∣MnO2 Zn∣KOH∣HgO Zn∣KOH∣Ag2O (2)??? Secondary cell/ battery Cell reactions are reversible and can be recharged. e.g. Pb∣H2SO4∣PbO2 Cd∣KOH∣NiOOH Zn∣KOH∣Ag2O (3)??? Reserve cell/battery stored dry and activated before use e.g. Mg∣MgCl2∣AgCl Zn∣KOH∣Ag2O ? (4)??? Fuel cell Active mass are not stored within the cell. H2∣KOH∣O2 N2H4∣KOH∣O2 5.1.2 Battery components The performance of the battery will depend on the cell geometry and on the design and composition of all the components of the battery, in addition to the choice of electrode reactions and their kinetics. 1.?? The container Requirements: Resistant to corrosion (stable) The required mechanical strength Cheap and light Simple of sealing For alkaline batteries: steel For systems with an acid electrolyte: polypropylene 2.?? Separators Requirements for separators: (1)?stable chemically to the electrolyte and to the active materials (2)?low resistance to the transport of ions (3) mechanical strength, flexibility, wetability (4)?cheap and readily available Materials: such as plastic pins, nylon or cellulose-based felt, ion exchange membranes etc. Form: microporous (pore size 0.01-10 um) or macroporous (30-70um pores) polymer sh