Chemistry生物中的化学.ppt

* * * * * Atoms, Molecules and Water Essential Building Blocks for Living Organisms Comparison of Terms Atom Smallest units of matter that can exist separately. Element Chemical substance composed of the same kind of atoms Molecule Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds Composition of an Atom Nucleus Proton = positively charged particle (+) Neutron = uncharged particle (n or +) Number of protons + Number of neutrons = Atomic mass Number of protons = Atomic number C 12 6 Electrons = negatively charged particles Number of electrons = Number of protons Each electron circles the nucleus in an orbitrepresenting a specific energy level. Isotopes Forms of same atom that differ in the number of neutrons Less stable isotopes generate radioactivity C 12 6 C 13 6 C 14 6 radioactive Atomic Models Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Nucleus ElectronShell Different Kinds of Atoms Helium Max 2e- Carbon +7p+ +4p+ +2p+ Innermostelectron shell +4e- +4n± +2n± +2e- Oxygen Max 8e- +7e- +8n± Phosphorus +5p+ +5e- +4n± Calcium 2e-2n 2p+ 6e-6n 6p+ 8e-8n 8p+ 15e-16n 15p+ 20e-20n 20p+ Applying Your Knowledge Magnesium Chlorine Atomic Number 12 17 Atomic Mass 24 35 Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons Electron Energy Levels Energy Level Capacity for Electrons 1 2 2 8 3 8 In forming molecules, atoms combine to fill their outer energy levels. Applying Your Knowledge Magnesium Chlorine Total Number of Electrons 12 17 Number of Electrons in First Electron Shell Number Electrons in Second Electron Shell Number of Electrons In Third Electron Shell Chemical BondsForces holding atoms together Bond Characteristics Ionic One atom loses an electron, another gains an electron Covalent Atoms share electrons Polar Covalent Atoms share electrons unequally Hydrogen Covalently-bound hydrogen is attracted to another atom ± + – ± + ± + ± + ± + ± + ± + ± + – – – – – – ± + – – – ± + – ± + ± + ± + ± + ± + ± + ± + – – – – – – ± + – – – – – – – – – – Ionic Bonding