4.4 Heat transfer to fluids without phase change.pptVIP

Regimes of heat transfer in fluids The properties of the fluid viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density are important parameters in heat transfer. 4.4.3 Heat transfer by forced convection in turbulent flow (p.191~) Perhaps the most important situation in heat transfer is the heat flow in a stream of fluid in turbulent flow. A dimensional analysis of the heat flow to a fluid in turbulent flow through a straight pipe yields dimensionless relations. Here, mass velocity The Nusselt number for heat transfer from a fluid to a pipe or from a pipe to a fluid is the film coefficient multiplied by D/k Prandtl number is the ratio of the diffusivity of momentumμ/ρto the thermal diffusivity k/ρcp Empirical equation For heat transfer to and from fluids that follow the power-law relation, the dimensionless relation becomes A better relationship for turbulent flow is known as the Sieder-Tate equation Near the tube entrance, where the temperature gradients are still forming, the local coefficient hx is greater than h for fully developed flow. Average value of hi in turbulent flow Since the temperature of the fluid changes from one end of the tube to the other and fluid properties μ , cp and k are all function of temperature, the local value of hi also varies from point to point along the tube. For liquids the effect of temperature is much greater than for gases because of the rapid decrease in viscosity with rising temperature. In practice, an average value of hi is calculated and used as a constant in calculating the overall coefficient U. Estimation of wall temperature Tw The estimation of Tw requires an iterative calculation based on the resistance equation for the cold side (outside of tube), To determine Tw the wall resistance can usually be neglected Cross sections other than circular To use Eq(4.4-26) for cross sections other than circular it is only necessary to replace the diameter in both Reynolds and Nusselt