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Studying Balanced Allocations with Differential Equations
SRC Technical Note
1997 - 024
October 1, 1997
Studying Balanced Allocations with Differential Equations
Michael Mitzenmacher
d i g i t a l
Systems Research Center
130 Lytton Avenue
Palo Alto, California 94301
/SRC/
c
Copyright
Digital Equipment Corporation 1997. All rights reserved
Studying Balanced Allocations with Differential Equations
Michael Mitzenmacher y
Abstract
Using differential equations, we examine the GREEDY algorithm studied by Azar, Broder, Karlin, and
Upfal for distributed load balancing [1]. This approach yields accurate estimates of the actual load distribu-
tion, provides insight into the exponential improvement GREEDY offers over simple random selection, and
allows one to prove tight concentration theorems about the loads in a straightforward manner.
1 Introduction
Suppose that n balls are placed into n bins, with each ball being placed into a bin chosen independently and
uniformly at random. Let the load of a bin be the number of balls in that bin after all balls have been thrown.
It is well known that with high probability, the maximum load upon completion will be approximately log n
log log n
[8]. (We use with high probability to mean with probability at least 1 − O 1n, where n is the number of balls.
Also, log will always mean the natu
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