Chapter 3 crystal structures　.pdfVIP

Atomic structures Solid materials Chapter 3 Structures of Metals and Ceramics Properties of materials are directly related to their crystal structures. Chapter Outline Crystal structures – manners that atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially arranged. Atomic hard sphere model Atoms – solid spheres, touch each other Lattice 3D array of points A unit cell The basic structural unit or building block; Define crystal structure by its geometry and atom positions; Parallelepiped or prisms. Coordination number The number of atomic or ionic nearest neighbors. Crystal Structures r a/2 c a c/a 1.633 Comparison of atomic number within a unit N , coordination number n and atomic packing factor APF N n APF SC 1 8 0.52 BCC 2 8 0.68 FCC 4 12 0.74 HCP 6 12 0.74 4 atoms/unit cell 63.5 g/mol 0.128 nm 3 8.89 g/cm3 8.94 g/cm3 Crystal Structures Cations – metallic ions, positively charged Anions – nonmetallic ions, negatively charged Two characteristics to influence crystal structures of ceramics: Magnitude of electrical charge on each of component ions; Relative sizes of the cations and anions, rc and r A, r c ≤ 1 r A Stable ceramic crystal structures form when those anions surrounding a cation are all in contact with that cation. The coordination number is related to the cation-anion radius ratio.