《《Regionally asymmetric knowledge capabilities and open innovation exploring ‘Globalisation》.pdf

Research Policy 34 (2005) 1128–1149 Regionally asymmetric knowledge capabilities and open innovation Exploring ‘Globalisation 2’—A new model of industry organisation Phil Cooke Centre for Advanced Studies and Centre for Social and Economic Analysis of Genomics, (CESAGen), Cardiff University, 44-45 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BB Wales, UK Received 9 September 2004; received in revised form 10 December 2004; accepted 15 December 2004 Available online 11 July 2005 Abstract This paper proposes to review and assess social scientific debate about the origins and nature of innovation in modern society. It focuses on three sub-sets of conceptualisation, critique and commentary that refer specifically to sub-national or regional innovation systems. Research in the latter field has grown enormously in recent years. Moreover, new perspectives from other disciplines than regional science have been promoted. One distinctive view of relevance in that it is focused on the role in innovation of specific ‘entrepreneurial universities’ in relation to industry and government is, of course, the ‘Triple Helix’ approach. This is reviewed and sympathetically critiqued. A second view, less sympathetically critiqued here, is one that itself attacks all so-called ‘new regionalism’ for stressing the importance of institutions, industry embeddedness and the micro-science of regional economic development. Dazzled by ‘Globalisation 1’ and the totalising power of ‘scale’ geographies, this rejection of the worth of spatial analysis at less than the global or national ‘scalar envelope’ i