《A review of air separation technologies and their》.pdf

Fuel Processing Technology 70 Ž2001. 115–134 rlocaterfuproc A review of air separation technologies and their integration with energy conversion processes A.R. Smith ), J. Klosek Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, PA 18195, USA Received 1 April 2000; received in revised form 1 October 2000; accepted 30 November 2000 Abstract Cryogenic air separation technology has been successfully employed for many years to supply oxygen for the gasification of a wide range of hydrocarbon feedstocks to generate synthesis gas for the production of fuels, chemicals and other valuable products. Examples include the conversion of liquid and solid refinery waste streams into hydrogen for use within the refinery along with the coproduction of electricity, and the growing interest in gas-to-liquids ŽGTL. processes which convert natural gas into synthetic crude oil, waxes and fuels. Recently, increased attention has been focused on methods of integrating the oxygen production process with the downstream hydrocarbon processing units to reduce facility cost or increase efficiency. A review of traditional and developing processes to generate oxygen is presented, along with integration schemes to improve the economics of these facilities. q 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Air separation; Gas-to-liquids; Gasification; Oxygen; Partial oxidation; Power; Synthesis gas 1. Introduction Two questions frequently asked by industrial gas Žoxygen, nitrogen, argon. con- sumers are: v which technology is optimum for a specific rate, purity, pressure and use pattern? v what are the integration opportunities between the air separation unit and o