New Developments in Automated Tunnel Surveying Systems英文翻译.pdfVIP

New Developments in Automated Tunnel Surveying Systems N.J. Chittenden, H.P. M¸ller Amberg Measuring Technique Ltd, Regensdorf-Watt, Switzerland ABSTRACT The surveying requirements during tunnel construction have changed little since the first tunnels were dug centuries ago, the focus being on leaving and arriving at the required place. Over the years the techniques and facilities to achieve this have developed considerably and also the cost constraints within which they should be achieved. This paper looks at some of the current surveying techniques applied