Quantum motion on a torus as a submanifold problem in a generalized Dirac’s theory of second-class constraints》.pdf

Annals of Physics 338 (2013) 123–133 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Annals of Physics journal homepage: /locate/aop Quantum motion on a torus as a submanifold problem in a generalized Dirac’s theory of second-class constraints D.M. Xun a , Q.H. Liu a,∗, X.M. Zhu b a School for Theoretical Physics, and Department of Applied Physics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China b School of Science, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China h i g h l i g h t s • A generalization of Dirac’s canonical quantization is proposed for a system with second-class constraints. • Quantum motion on torus surface is explicitly treated to show how Schrödinger formalism is complementary to the Dirac one. • The embedding effect in quantum mechanics is originated from the quantization. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: A generalization of Dirac’s canonical quantization scheme for a Received 12 February 2013 system with second-class constraints is proposed, in which the fun- Accepted 31 July 2013 damental commutation relations are constituted by all commu- Available online 11 August 2013 tators between positions, momenta and Hamiltonian, so they are simultaneously quantized in a self-consistent manner, rather than Keywords: by those between merely positions and momenta which leads to Quantum mechanics ambiguous forms of the Hamiltonian and the momenta. The appli- Canonical quantization Quantum fields in curved spacetime cation of the generalized scheme to t