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8 Transport in Nanostructures
¨
Thomas Schapers
Institute for Bio- and Nanosystems (IBN-1), and
cni – Center of Nanoelectronic Systems for Information
Technology
¨ ¨
Research Center Julich, 52425 Julich, Germany
Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Fabrication of nanostructures 3
2.1 Heterostructures and two-dimensional electron gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 One-dimensional structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Characteristic length scales 6
3.1 Elastic mean free path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Inelastic mean free path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Phase coherence length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Transport regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.5 Magnetic length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Diffusive transport 9
4.1 Classical diffusive motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Einstein relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Typical transport parameters of a two-dimensional electron gas . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Weak localization
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