管理学人力.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * Two metaphors exemplify the process of change. The calm waters metaphor likens the organization to a large ship making a predictable trip across a calm sea and experiencing an occasional storm. The white water rapids metaphor likens an organization to a group of strangers on a small raft navigating the uninterrupted white water rapids of an unfamiliar river to an unknown destination in the dark of night. Until recently, the calm waters metaphor dominated the thinking of practicing managers and academics. Kurt Lewin’s three-step description of the change process epitomizes