土木工程专业英语 作者 陈瑛 6.1 Earthquake-Induced Vibration of Structures.pptVIP

6.1 Earthquake-Induced Vibration of Structures Topics Seismicity and Ground Motions Influence of Local Site Conditions Response of Structures to Ground Motions Seismicity and Ground Motions The earth is made up of four layers, the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Lithosphere is broken into a number of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are rigid, relatively cool slabs about 100 km thick consist of the earths crust and lithosphere. Tectonic plates 构造板块float on the molten mantle （asthenosphere软流圈）of the Earth and move relative to one another at the rate of 10 to 100 mm/year. If the plates are pushing together, one plate tends to dive under the other and, depending on the density of the material, it may resurface in the form of mountains and valleys. *In some cases, the plate margins are moving away from one another. In those cases, molten rock appears from deep in the Earth to fill the gap, often manifesting itself as volcanoes. *Another possibility is that the plate boundaries will slide sideways past each other, essentially retaining the local surface area of the plate. *The basic mechanism causing earthquakes in the plate boundary regions appears to be that the continuing deformation of the crustal structure eventually leads to stresses/strains which exceed the material strength. Rocks fracture. These fractures are called faults. *A rupture will then initiate at some critical point along the fault line and will propagate rapidly through the highly stressed material at the plate boundary It is believed that approximately three quarters of the world’s earthquakes are accounted for by this rubbing–striking–slipping mechanism, with ruptures occurring on faults on boundaries between tectonic plates. Such earthquakes are referred to as interplate earthquakes 边缘地震. Intraplate earthquakes板内地震 *Earthquakes also occur at locations away from the plate boundaries. Such events are known as intraplate earthquakes板内地震 and they are much less frequ