LECTURE1-darroesengineering.docVIP

pPREFACE SUBJECT: FLUID MECHANICS EVALUATION METHOD: PRESENT = 10 % TASK = 20 % Mid Test = 30 % Final Test = 40% TOTAL = 100%  LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION In beginning the study of any subject, a number of questions come to mind immediately. Among those that a student in the first course in fluid mechanics may ask are the following: What is fluid mechanics all about? Why do I have to study it? Why should I want to study it? How does it relate to subject areas with which I am already familiar? 1.1 DEFINITION OF A FLUID A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a shearing (i.e. tangential) stress no matter how small the shearing stress. Fig.1.1 Behavior of (a) solid and (b) fluid under the action of a constant shear force. A solid is a substance that deforms when a shear stress is applied, but it does not continue to deform. Fig (a) Deformation of the solid is directly proportional to applied shear stress (τ), where and A is the area of the surface in contact with the plate. Fig (b) upon application of the force (F), to upper plate, we notice that the fluid element continues to deform as long as the force is applied. The shape of the fluid element, at successive instants of time, t2 t1 t0 is shown by dashed lines. BASIC EQUITION An analysis of any problem in fluid mechanics necessarily begins, either directly or indirectly, with statements of the basic laws governing the fluid motion. These laws, which are independent of the nature of the particular fluid, are: Conservation of mass. Newton’s second law of motion. Moment of momentum. The first law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics. Clearly, not all of these laws are always required in the solution of any one problem. In some problems, it is necessary to bring into the analysis additional relations, in the form of constitutive equations describing the behavior of physical properties of fluids under given conditions. 1.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS In basic mechanics