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Chapter 9 Transient Response 9.1 First-order transients First order circuits: Circuits contain only one inductor or one capacitor, governed by first-order differential equations. Zero-input response: the circuit has no applied source after a certain time. It is determined by natural response and the initial condition. Characteristic equation and time constant (an RC circuit): Figure 9.1. Figure 9.2. An RL circuit: Figure 9.3. General first-order circuits: Figure 9.4. Example 9.1: Zero-Input Response of an RL Circuit Figure 9.5. Step response: response to a step input (OFF to ON) with zero initial conditions. Figure 9.6. First order RC circuit: Figure 9.7. First order RL circuit: General first order circuits: Figure 9.9. Example: Step Response of an RC Circuit Figure 9.10. Pulse response: zero-sate response with a rectangular pulse excitation. Figure 9.11. Figure 9.12. Example 9.3: Analysis of a Relay Driver Figure 9.13. Switched DC transients: the source switches from one constant to another constant. Example 9.4: Sequential Switched Transients Figure 9.14. 9.2. Switched AC transients The parameter of an ac source undergoes an abrupt change. Analysis is the same as switched dc transients, except that the force response is different. Example 9.5: Transients in an AM (amplitude modulation) Radio Signal Figure 9.16. 9.3 Second-order natural response A second-order circuit contains two independent energy storage elements (i.e., inductors or capacitors). First-order transient is characterized by decaying exponentials. Second order natural response includes overdamped, underdamped and critically damped behaviors. Capacitor voltages and inductor currents are state variables. Series LRC circuit: Figure 9.17. Parallel CRL circuit (dual of series LRC circuit): Figure 9.18. General form of second order circuits: Example 9.6: Second-Order Circuit with Two Inductors Figure 9.19. Example 9.7: Second-Order with a Controlled Source (Phase-Shift Oscillator) Figure 9.20. Overdamped