如何收获细胞化学能大学生物Howcellsharvestchemicalenergy.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * Cellular respiration: Aerobic harvesting of energy In photosynthesis, which takes place in a plant cell’s chloroplasts, the energy of sunlight is used to rearrange the atoms of CO2 and H2O to produce glucose and O2. 2. In cellular respiration, O2 is consumed as glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O; the cell captures the energy released in ATP. 3. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of almost all eukaryotic cells. 4. The CO2 and H2O released by cellular respiration are converted through photosynthesis to glucose and O2, which are then used in respiration. How cells harvest chemical energy * 5. Breathing supplies O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2. 6. Cellular respiration can produce up to 32 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule, a capture of about 34% of the energy originally stored in glucose. 7. The rest of the energy is released as heat. 8. An important player in the process of oxidizing glucose is a coenzyme called NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which accepts electros and becomes reduced to NADH. 9. NAD+ is an organic molecule that cells make from the vitamin niacin and use to shuttle electrons in redox reactions. 10. Figure 6.5C shows NADH delivering these electrons to the rest of the staircase – an electron transport chain. 11. The steps in the chain are electron carrier molecules, shown here as purple ovals, built into the inner membrane of a mitochondria. 12. At the bottom of the staircase is O2, the final electron acceptor. 13. Cellular respiration consists of a sequence of steps that can be divided into three main stages and shows where they occur in a eukaryotic cell. Stage 1: Glycolysis (occur in the cytoplasmic fluid) Stage 2: Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle (take place within the mitochondria) Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation (occur in the inner mitochondrial me