ElasticStress-StrainRelationships.ppt

Thin Walled Pressure Vessels Consider a cylindrical vessel section of: L = Length D = Internal diameter t = Wall thickness p = fluid pressure inside the vessel. By examining the free-body diagram of the lower half of the cylinder (Fig. 6-1b), one sees that the summation of forces acting normal to the mid-plane is given by : [SF = 0 ] F = pDL = 2P or The tangential or “hoop” stress, st, acting on the wall thickness is then found to be: or where r is the radius of the vessel. For the case of the thin-walled cylinders, where r/t ? 10, Eq. 6-4 describes the hoop stress at all locations through the wall thickness. The vessel can be considered as thick walled cylinder. Fig. 6-1c shows a free-body diagram to account for cylindrical stresses in the longitudinal direction. The sum of forces acting along the axis of the cylinder is: The cross-sectional area of the cylinder wall is characterized by the product of its wall thickness and the mean circumference. i.e., For the thin-wall pressure vessels where D t, the cylindrical cross-section area may be approximated by pDt. Therefore, the longitudinal stress in the cylinder is given by: By comparing Eq 6-3 and 6-6, one finds that the tangential or hoop stress is twice that in the longitudinal direction. Therefore, thin vessel failure is likely to occur along a longitudinal plane oriented normal to the transverse or hoop stress direction. Generalized Hooke’s Law A complete description of the general state of stress at a point consists of: normal stresses in three directions, ?x (or ?11), ?y (or ?22) and ?z (or ?33), shear stresses on three planes, ?x (or ?12 ...), ?y (or ?23 …..), and ?z (or ?31 …...). The stress, ?x in the x-direction produces 3 strains: longitudinal strain (extension) along the x-axis of: transverse strains (contraction) along the y and z -axes, which are related to the Poisson’s ratio: Absolute values of ? are used in calculations.