FailuresRelatedtoHeatTreatingOperations-G.E.Totten.PDF

Failures Related to Heat Treating Operations G.E. Totten, G.E. Totten Associates, LLC M. Narazaki, Utsunomiya University (Japan) R.R. Blackwood and L.M. Jarvis, Tenaxol Inc. HEAT TREATING—of all the various steel decreasing cooling rate: martensite, bainite, agrams, are developed by heating small samples processing methods—has the greatest overall pearlite, ferrite, and cementite. The formation of of steel to the temperature where austenite trans- impact on control of microstructure, properties, these products and the proportions of each are formation structure is completely formed, that is, residual stresses, and dimensional control. This dependent on the time and temperature cooling the austenitizing temperature (TA), and then rap- article provides an overview of the effects of history of the particular alloy and the elemental idly cooling to a temperature intermediate be- various material and process-related parameters composition of that alloy. The transformation tween the austenitizing and the martensite start on residual stress, distortion control, cracking, products formed are typically illustrated with the (Ms) temperature and then holding for a fixed and microstructure/property relationships as they use of transformation diagrams, which show the period of time until the transformation is com- relate to various types of failure. The subjects temperature-time dependence of the microstruc- plete, at which point the transformation products that are discussed include: ture formation process for the alloy being are determined. This is done repeatedly until a ● Phase transformations during heat treating studied. Two of