Index.DOC.docVIP

LIST OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 BASIC TERMINOLOGY 5 3 BRIEF FACTS ABOUT SOUND AND NOISE 11 3.1 SOUND AND NOISE 13 3.2 SOUND PRESSURE 13 3.3 SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL AND THE DECIBEL (DB) 14 3.4 LOUDNESS AND LOUDNESS LEVEL 14 3.5 HOW AN INCREASE OR DECREASE IN SOUND IS PERCEIVED 14 3.6 SOUND INTENSITY AND SOUND INTENSITY LEVEL 14 3.7 FREQUENCY, WAVELENGTH AND SPECTRUM 16 3.8 FREQUENCY WEIGHTING AND THE DB(A) UNIT 17 3.9 TIME WEIGHTING AND THE EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL, LAEQ 18 3.10 ADDITION OF SOUND SOURCES 19 3.11 SOUND IN AIR AND IN OTHER MEDIA OR MATERIALS 19 3.12 EFFECTS OF NOISE 20 3.12.1 General 20 3.12.2 Fatal or damaging effects 20 3.12.3 Extra-auditory effects (health) 20 3.12.4 Sleep disturbance 20 3.12.5 Interference with communication and intellectual performance 20 3.12.6 Annoyance 21 3.12.7 Monetary effects 21 4 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 23 4.1 NOISE PROBLEMS IN ANCIENT TIMES 25 4.2 GENERAL NOISE CONTROL 25 4.3 TYRE/ROAD NOISE ISSUES IN EARLIER TIMES 27 4.4 EARLY POLISH VEHICLE NOISE STUDY 28 4.5 MEASURING METHODS 32 4.6 DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE NOISE EMISSION - AN I-INCE STUDY 33 4.6.1 The I-INCE Initiative 33 4.6.2 Background 33 4.6.3 Extent of the Study 34 4.6.4 Review of Change in Limits 34 4.6.5 Type of Tests - Review of Measuring Procedure 34 4.6.6 Results - Annoyance and Community Noise Changes 36 4.6.7 Results - Change of Vehicle Noise Emission Values Measured During Type Approval 36 4.6.8 Results - Noise Changes in Actual Traffic 36 4.6.9 Results - Comparison of Japanese with Other Experiences 37 4.6.10 Reasons for the Limited Effectiveness 38 4.6.11 Recommendations from the study 39 4.6.12 Concluding remarks 40 4.7 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOISE EMISSION FROM TYRES DURING THE 20TH CENTURY 40 5 TYRE/ROAD NOISE AS PART OF VEHICLE NOISE 43 5.1 VEHICLE NOISE - GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 45 5.2 VEHICLE NOISE SOURCES 46 5.3 RELATION BETWEEN POWER UNIT NOISE AND TYRE/ROAD NOISE 50 5.3.1 General relation 50 5.3.2 Passenger cars 51 5.3.3 Trucks and busses 52