E-Halliburtonchapter4-5.ppt.ppt

* BI 3010 H08 Population Genetics Halliburton Chapter 4-5 Recombinations: Any process which creates new combinations (genotypes) of existing alleles in the offspring from sexual reproductions. Recombinations come from crossing overs during meiosis pro-phase 1. Unlike for mutations, no new genetic material is formed; instead there is a re-use of existing variant genes. Nonetheless, the offspring can possess new phenotypic traits that were not present in any of the parents. Linkage: Two loci are linked if they are localized sufficiently near each other on the same chromsome, so that the recombination frequency is 50%. Linked loci thus tend to be inherited together (i.e. in the same gamete). D = gametic (linkage) disequilibrium: For example HW-equilibrium at each of two loci, but non-random distribution of locus-1 genotypes among locus-2 genotypes. This can be brought about by any of the four evolutionary forces. If the responsible evolutionary force is relaxed, D will be reduced by time (generations). For a recombination frequency of 0.5, D approaches zero after 7-8 generations. Dt = (1-r)tD0 BI 3010 H08 Genetic identification: In forensics it can be crucial to be able to link a perpetrator to the crime scene. Traditionally, fingerprinting has been the method of choise. However, molecular genetic techniques (blood types, isozymes, DNA) have been increasingly used in the last decades (Jeffreys probes for minisatellites). The basis for these methods is the knowledge of the frequencies of different alleles in the population, an assumption that the loci used are not linked, and that the loci have many alleles (and thus many possible genotypes). In order to increase the statistical power of the conclusions, many polymorphic loci must be used. A multi- locus genotype (a genetic profile) is established, which frequency in the reference population is the product of the frequencies of each single locus genotype. If each single locus genotype is rare due to the p