《电磁场与电磁波第8讲边界条件电容能量.》.pptVIP

summary * Field and Wave Electromagnetic 电磁场与电磁波 2015. 10. 10 1. Electric Potential Review 2. Conductors in Static Electric Field 3. Dielectrics in Static Electric Field Inside a conductor (under static conditions) Boundary Conditions (at a Conductor/Free Space Interface) 4. Electric Flux Density and Dielectric Constant Main topic 1. 静电场的边界条件 2. 电容和电容器 3. 静电场的能量 1. Boundary Conditions for Electrostatic Fields 电磁问题通常涉及具有不同物理特性的媒质,并且需要关于两种媒质之间分界面的场量关系的知识. 例如,我们希望知道场矢量 E 和 D 在穿过两个界面时是如何变化的. 现在我们来考虑两种一般媒质之间的分界面. (1) 电场强度E的切向分量 (tangential component) Let us construct a small path abcda with sides ab and cd in media 1 and 2 respectively, both being parallel to the interface and equal to ?w. The integral form is assumed to be valid for regions containing discontinuous media, is applied to this path. If we let sides bc=da=?h approach zero, their contributions to the line integral of E around the path can be neglected. Thus we have E1 E2 ? 2 ? 1 at ?w ?h a c d b an2 电场强度在分界面处的切向分量是相等的. 换句话说,电场强度的切向分量连续. 对于线性各向同性的一般介质,有: an2 的方向是有媒质 ② 指向媒质 ①. (2) 电通密度D的法向分量 (normal component) In order to find a relation between the normal components of the fields at a boundary, we construct a small pillbox with its top face in medium 1 and bottom face in medium 2. The faces have an area ?S, and the height of the pillbox ?h is vanishingly small. Applying Gauss’s law to the pillbox, we have ?h ?S ? 2 ? 1 an2 D1 D2 ?s 边界的法线方向由媒质 ② 指向媒质 ①. ?S 是边界上的面电荷密度. D场的法向分量在通过存在面电荷的分界面时是不连续的,不连续的量等于面电荷密度. 讨论(1)、Boundary Conditions for Dielectric-conductor Interface 讨论(2)、 In the absence of net surface free charge, one has The boundary conditions that must be satisfied for static electric fields are as follows: 例1:两理想介质的分界面为Z=0的平面，如图所示，在介质2中的场强为 求介质1中分解面上的场分量。 ?2= ?0 ?r2 ?1= ?0 ?r1 x z y 2. 电容和电容器 导体 比例常数 C 称为孤立导体的电容. 电容是指电位每增加一单位所必须施加于物体的电荷量. 电容器的电容是双导体系统的一种物理性质,其依赖于导体的形状和它们之间媒质的介电常数,与电荷Q 和导体之间的电位差V12都无关.电容器即使没有电压提供或导体上没有自由电荷它也是存在的. Capacitance C can be dete