Chapter6-WaveMotionsandSound.pptVIP

Forces and Elastic Materials. Forces and Vibrations. A vibration is a repeating motion that moves back and forth. Describing Vibrations. A vibrating mass is described by measuring several variables. The extent of displacement from the equilibrium position. A cycle is the movement from some point, to another point and back again. A period (T) is the time required for one complete cycle. Frequency (f) is the number of cycles per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) The period is the time for one cycle and the frequency is the cycles per second, the relationship is: T=1/f F = 1/T Waves. Kinds of Waves. Longitudinal Wave A wave that travels in a back and forth movement Transverse Wave A wave that disturbs particles in a perpendicular motion in the direction of the wave. Waves in Air. Condensation When a longitudinal wave forces particles closer together. This results in a pulse of increased density and pressure. Rarefaction A zone of reduced density and pressure. Sound A vibrating object produces condensation and rarefactions that expand from the source. The vibrations can be interpreted as sound by the human ear if the frequency of the waves is between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Hearing Waves in Air. Infrasonic Longitudinal waves with frequencies below 20 Hz Ultrasonic Longitudinal waves with frequencies greater that 20,000 Hz Since humans can only hear waves in the 20 – 20,000 Hz range, they hear neither infrasonic nor ultrasonic waves. Waves move the eardrum in and out with the same frequency as the wave, which the brain interprets as sound. Wave Terms. Wave Crest The maximum disturbance a wave will create from the resting position Wave trough Maximum displacement a wave will create in the opposite direction from the resting position. Amplitude The magnitude of the displacement to either the crest or the trough. Period The time required for a wave to repeat itself This is the time that is required to move through one full wave cycle. Wavelength The distance from one c