批判性思维的培养Critical_Thinking_Analyzing_and_Evaluating_Arguments.ppt

Critical Thinking: Analyzing and Evaluating Arguments Kathleen Maloney Lanzhou University May 11, 2009 Reminder: Authors: Greg Bassham, William Irvin, Henry Nardone, and James M. Wallace Title: Critical Thinking: A Student’s Introduction Location: Foreign language library, third floor of the main library. Outline of Lecture Series May 4th, 2009: Critical Thinking—An introduction May 11th, 2009: Critical Thinking—Analyzing and Evaluating Arguments May 18th, 2009: Critical Thinking—Skills for Reading and Writing Outline of Today’s Lecture Part One: Deductive Arguments vs. Inductive Arguments Part Two: Logical Fallacies Part Three: Analyzing Arguments Part Four: Evaluating Arguments Part Five: Summary and Activity Part One: Deduction and Induction Deductive vs. Inductive Arguments Deductive and Inductive Indicator Words The Principle of Charity Deductive vs. Inductive Arguments People often describe the difference between deductive arguments and inductive arguments in the following way: Deductive arguments move from general premises to particular conclusions. Inductive arguments move from particular premises to general conclusions. However, this is WRONG!! Deductive Arguments Deductive arguments claim that if their premise is true then their conclusions must be true. A common pattern for deductive arguments is: All A is B. All B is C Therefore, all A is C. Inductive Arguments Inductive arguments simply try to show that if their premises are true, then their conclusions are probably true. A common inductive argument pattern is: Things like X tend to be Y. I expect a new X. It will probably be Y. Deductive vs. Inductive Deduction Indicator Words Some common deduction indicator words are: Certainly Definitely Absolutely Conclusively It logically follows… It is logical to conclude… This entails that… It must be the case that… Induction Indicator Words Some common induction indicator words are: Probably Likely It is plausible to suppose… One would expect that…