类星体-1.pptVIP

Solving Quasarspart I Quasars* unsolved after 40 years Once were a `hot topic’ Were the first to start the downfall of Steady State Cosmology - via ‘evolution’: change in density with cosmic time Now astronomers have moved on to easier problems – Large scale structure, Dark Energy and Gamma-ray bursts Quasar studies continue to generate many papers …but little understanding? What’s the problem? Enormous array of detail Why Study Quasars? We live on a planet A star gives us life Galaxies dominate the Universe … but why do quasars matter? Here are 4 answers: 2. An Astrophysicist’s Answer Gravity powered, not fusion. via Black Holes 106 - 109 as massive as the Sun. Gas heats up falling toward it, like a spacecraft on re-entry. 3. A Cosmologist’s Answer 4. A Physicist’s Answer What do we know? High level theory rapidly gave a clear picture does not connect to the atomic physics features observed in quasars Atomic features in Quasar Atmospheres Quasars have no temperature we need a ‘low theory’ that deals with the multitude of quasar details A Paradigm for Quasar Atmospheres Take a lesson from lab plasmas: use all the data ? NSTX diagnostic instruments cover everything 12,277 Papers on Quasars since 1963* *ADS to 4/18/03, refereed only , search on abstract containing ‘quasar’ | ‘AGN’ 1.Physical Measurements: BEL Velocity-radius relation Reverberation mapping shows Keplerian velocity relation in BELs 1.Physical Measurements: Angle 2. Absorption Features Chandra HETGS 850ksec spectrum of NGC 3783 Over 100 absorption features fitted by a 6 parameter model ? One T~106 K and one T~104 K, in pressure balance to 5% 2. Absorption: where is the wind? Velocity dependent covering factors ? Absorber is close to continuum source ? absorber is moving transverse A quasar wind is like a flame Emission lines: a thin wind? Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSy1s) show broad, strongly blueshifted high ionization (CIV) lines Understandable as disk wind redshifted line