神经发生.pptVIP

一、外胚层（ectoderm） — 神经管（neural tube） 脑发育动态过程 神经发生的八个阶段 1. 增殖（Proliferation） 2. 迁移（Migration） Migration----放射胶质细胞（Radial Glia） 4. 聚集（Aggregation） 5. 突触形成（Synaptogenesis） 生长锥（Growth Cones） Sperry’s experiment Sperry took advantage of the fact that in amphibians, the optic nerve will regrow after it has been interrupted Sperry cut the optic nerve and simultaneously rotated the eye 180 degrees in the eye socket. In ‘learning’ movements to catch prey, the part of the retina now looking forward (backward) should connect to the part of the brain which causes forward (backward) movement. Neuron Death Leads to Synapse Rearrangement 7. 突触重排（Synapse Rearrangement） 8. 髓鞘化（Myelination） Myelination lasts for up to 30 Years Brain Weight During Development and Aging Critical Periods The rise and fall of the‘‘central dogma of neurobiology’’ The establishment of the dogma The belief that, in the adult life, neurons can only die and no new neurons are generated can be regarded as the ‘‘central dogma of neurobiology’’, which has strongly influenced basic and applied neuroscience research as well as clinical practice. The adult nervous system was considered a perennial tissue 1. Clinical 2. Related to neural functions 3. Related to the theory of learning and memory 4. Technical and experimental (1) Specific diffusible glycoproteins：NGF、bFGF or FGF2、PDGF (2) Specific cellular markers: NSE, GFAP (3) 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) (4) New techniques: fluorescent and confocal microscopy (5) Gene transfer Songbirds What causes this increase in size? New neurons are born! What mediates the neurogenesis? Testosterone Testosterone levels increase with environmental cues of spring Testosterone leads to increases in neurotrophic factors and more survival of new neurons Paton JA, Nottebohm FN. Neurons generated in the adult brain are recruited into functional circuits. Science 1984;225:1046–1048. Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn