3 强地震动观测和数据处理.ppt

Engineering Seismology (2) Ground Motion Instrumentation and Data Processing Observation of strong motion is more difficult than the observations in other fields of seismology due to the infrequency of large earthquakes and the difficulty of anticipating areas of strong shaking for instrumentation. Weak motions from an earthquake with magnitude greater than 6.0 can be recorded worldwide. Thus a seismologist who studies teleseisms can record on the order of 100 earthquakes per year, for interpretations of earth structure or tectonics. Similarly, local networks are generally set to the most sensitive level possible to detect and locate the smallest earthquakes, which are much more abundant. A specialized instrument, the strong motion accelerograph, was developed in the 1930’s to record strong motion. A network of these specialized instruments must furthermore have the good fortune to be located close to the earthquake, and must be maintained, often for decades, in a state of readiness to record the rare strong shaking. In the 1990’s, the situation changed somewhat with improvements in digital recording technology. 如果没有强震观测及其所取得的科学资料，就谈不上现代地震工程学的发展。 地震工程之所以能成为一间定量的科学是和强震观测的成果分不开的。 根据测量得到的地震加速度记录，计算了大量的反应谱曲线，获得了“平均反应谱”或“标准反应谱”，使反应谱分析得以真正应用于工程设计。 地震动特征的统计分析和结构抗震理论的发展。例如，从震源参数、传播介质的性质演算地震动，随机合成地震动时程，从弹性反应谱到非弹性反应谱，烈度定量标准及其观测仪器的建立，以及场地条件对地震动的影响，地震时地基与结构的相互作用等研究，都是在取得了强震观测记录的基础上发展起来的。 The founding father of the strong motion instrumentation program in the United States is John R. Freeman. After the Tokyo, Japan earthquake of 1923, and the Santa Barbara, California and Montreal, Quebec earthquakes of 1925, he stimulated important early interactions between U.S. and Japanese institutions on earthquake engineering and wrote the first significant book in the English language on earthquake engineering, Earthquake Damage and Earthquake Insurance (Freeman, 1932). He particularly recognized the urgent need for an instrument to record the strong shaking during earthquakes, a