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Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 173 (2001) 275–286 Poisoning and deactivation of palladium catalysts Peter Albers a,∗, Jörg Pietschb , Stewart F. Parker c a Infracor GmbH, Degussa-Hüls Group, Department of Physical Chemistry, P.O. Box 1345, D-63403 Hanau, Germany b Degussa-Hüls AG, Silica, Silanes Catalysts, P.O. Box 1345, D-63403 Hanau, Germany c ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK Received 23 August 2000; received in revised form 20 October 2000; accepted 26 October 2000 Abstract Some of the major causes for deactivation and premature degradation of palladium catalysts are briefly summarised. These include particle growth for various reasons, coke deposition and coke transformation, the influence of the support material on long term stability and modifications at the palladium surface itself such as valency changes or the formation of simple but stable molecular surface species. In addition, variations of physical properties as well as chemical poisoning, corrosion and leaching are discussed. In spite of the large body of literature concerning the common phenomenon catalyst deactivation specific information accessible for the various kinds of palladium catalysts being used worldwide is still quite limited. There is a serious need for future studies on properties of palladium-based catalytic systems regarding, for example, the interactions between carbon, hydrogen and supported palladium as a ternary system. Observations on different deactivation processes on Pd/SiO2 catalysts occuring under industrial conditions are compiled. It was tried to roughly differentiate between different degrees of coking and coke transformation in mainly thermally or purely catalytically driven catalyst coking on the one hand and of m