ss_revision_notes教材.pdfVIP

1 These notes are intended to support the use of chemical ideas/storylines not to replace them. These notes do not claim to be comprehensive or error free. N.Shaw SS1 What is steel? Steel is the name of a large family of alloys which contain iron, carbon and a range of other elements. Alloy = mixture of a metal with one or more other elements. (The mixing is done with the metal in the molten state. Alloying modifies the properties of the metal and is often used to increase strength: e.g Cu, Zn are alloyed to make brass which is stronger than either metal on their own.) The amount of C in steel has a dramatic effect on its properties. 4% C very brittle steel with few uses, 1%C strong but much less brittle used to make strong cables/construction etc., 0.1% C easily drawn into a wire (paper clips and staples). Low-carbon steel 0.003–0.15%C; Medium-carbon steel 0.16–0.40%C;High-carbon steel 0.41–0.92% C = official classifications for C content in steel. A wide range of other metals and elements can be usefully added to steel to improve its properties. Undesirable elements include S, P and dissolved gases (O , N , H ), these weaken steel. 2 2 2 The composition and treatment of steel give it a “specification” that can be adjusted to a customers needs. Finding the concentration of Mn in a paperclip. Dissolve the Steel in strong acid, Mn dissolves to Mn2+ . Use a powerful oxidising agent to convert Mn2+ to MnO4- . Colorimetry can be used to find the concentration of MnO4- by reference to readings taken from standard solutions. Colorimetry. (Where does colour come from? Ch.6.7 Chemical Ideas). A transparent object is colourless if all frequencies of visible light are transmitted. An opaque object will appear white if all colours are reflected. Most obj