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The wind energy (r)evolution A short review of a long history.pdf

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Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 1887e1901 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable Energy journal homepage: www.els /locate/renene Review The wind energy (r)evolution: A short review of a long history John K. Kaldellis *, D. Zaﬁrakis Lab of Soft Energy Applications Environmental Protection, TEI of Piraeus, Greece a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Although wind energy exploitation dates back ﬁve thousand years ago, contemporary societies are based Received 30 November 2010 almost exclusively on fossil fuels for covering their electrical energy needs. On the other hand, during the Accepted 6 January 2011 last thirty years, security of energy supply and environmental issues have reheated the interest for wind Available online 4 February 2011 energy applications. In this context, the present work traces the long and difﬁcult steps of wind energy development from the California era to the construction of huge offshore wind parks worldwide, Keywords: highlighting the prospects and the main challenges of wind energy applications towards the target of Wind power 1000 GW of wind power by 2030. Global market Technological evolution 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Economics of wind Environmental impacts Future prospects 1. I