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Towards a Sustainable Building Sector: Life Cycle Primary Energy Use and Carbon Emission of a Wood-Framed Apartment Building with Biomass-Based Energy Supply Leif Gustavsson 1,,2 and Roger Sathre 2 1 Linnaeus University, 35195 Växjö, Sweden 2 Mid Sweden University, 83125 Östersund, Sweden Abstract Woody biomass can serve as both material and fuel in a transition to a more sustainable society. In this study we analyze the life cycle primary energy use and carbon dioxide (CO ) 2 emission of an eight-storey wood-framed apartment building. All life cycle phases are included, including acquisition and processing of materials, on-site construction, building operation, and demolition and materials disposal. The primary energy use includes the entire energy system chains from the extraction of fuels to the delivered end-use energy. Carbon flows are tracked including fossil fuel emissions, process emissions, carbon stocks in building materials, and avoided fossil emissions due to biofuel substitution. The results show that building operation uses the largest share of life cycle energy use, becoming increasingly dominant as the life span of the building increases. We compare various types of energy supply systems, and find that the type of heating system strongly influences the primary energy use and CO2 emission. A biomass-based system with cogeneration of district heat and electricity achieves low primary energy use and very low CO2 emissions. The use of biomass residues from the wood products chain to substitute for fossil fuels significantly reduces net CO2 emission. Excluding household tap water and electricity, a negative life cycle CO2 emission can be achieved due to the wood-based constructio