软物质功能材料(刘向阳)2.pdf

软物质及功能材料 (5) Symmetry of Crystals Thermodynamics of Crystallization 刘向阳，姜源 厦门大学材料学院 Outline Crystal symmetry- The structures of crystals  7 crystal systems; 14 Bravais Lattices  230 space groups Thermodynamics of crystallization-How does crystallization take place?  Recapture of thermodynamics: Gibbs free energy, chemical potential, phase equilibrium, phase diagram Recapture of some key concepts Screw Symmetry (Helical Symmetry): Left and Right-handed •What is the rotational angle and the translation (in fractions of the pitch)? •What is the total number of motifs? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Multiple Symmetry Relationships and Point Groups (cont’d)  Point symmetry groups (point groups): Symmetry operation of point groups leave at least one single point of space unmoved.  We have in total 32 crystallographic point groups in the crystal regime. The point group 6/mmm Crystallographic point group  There are infinitely many three dimensional point groups; in crystallography, however, they are restricted to be compatible with the discrete translation symmetries of a crystal lattice.  Only 32 crystallographic point groups.  In the classification of crystals, each point group corresponds to a crystal class-32 crystal classes. Description of Crystal Structures  Crystal lattice: A set of points to describe the Simple cubic symmetry of a crystal structure.  Unit cell: the smallest unit to describe the symmetry of crystal Cubic Closed Packed structure.  Different Crystal Structures (http://cst- /lattice/in dex.html) Hexagonal Body Centered Cub