Chapter 2知识点总结.docVIP

Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds（语音） 1,Phonetics(语音学) studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Three branches of phonetics: ①Articulatory Phonetics(发音语音学) is the study of the production of speech sounds. ②Acoustic Phonetics (声学语音学)is the study of physical properties of speech sounds. ③Perceptual/Auditory Phonetics(听觉语音学) is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. 2,Phonology(音位学)is the study of the sounds patterns and sound systems of languages. 3，How speech sounds are made? (1) Speech organs（vocal organs） ①Pharyngeal cavity: the throat ②Oral cavity(口腔): the mouth When the oral cavity is at the same blocked, a Nasal sound(鼻音) is produced. ③Nasal cavity（鼻腔）: the nose( Three nasal consonants: [m],[n],[ η ]) Some major articulatory variables: Voicing---- voiced voiceless Nasality ---- nasal non-nasal Aspiration ----- aspirated unaspirated (2) The IPA（International Phonetic Alphabet）国际音标 ①The IPA(the international alphabet) main principles were that there should be a separated letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. ②IPA chart(国际音标图) : In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. Consonant(辅音)：a、non-pulmonic b、pulmonic Vowel（元音）：show their relevant positions in a cross-sectional diagram of the oral cavity Diacritics(变音符)：additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation Suprasegmentals(超音段)：to represent stress and syllables 4，Classification of English speech sounds: Consonants and Vowels (1)The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. When we pronounce, if there is obstruction of airstream, then it is consonant, opposite is vowel. (2)Consonants Three properties: ①voicing: voiced and voiceless ②the Manner of Articulation发音的方式 Stop/plosive塞音/破裂音、爆发音 [p], [b], [t], [d]