第一章 原核生物的形态、 构造和功能;A procaryotic cell;第一节 细菌;spirillum;Electron Micrograph of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Diplococcus;Note cocci in squares of four (arrows).;Electron Micrograph of Streptococcus;;Scanning Electron Micrograph of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌;Vibrio 弧菌属;二、细菌细胞的大小 ;形 状;三、染色 ;四、细菌细胞的结构;特殊构造:部分细菌具有的或一般细菌在特殊环境下才有的构造;4.1 细胞壁;G+细菌细胞壁组成
革兰氏阳性细菌细胞壁具有较厚(30~40nm)而致密的肽聚糖层,多达20层,占细胞壁的成分90%,它同细胞膜的外层紧密相连;
有的革兰氏阳性细菌细胞壁中含有磷壁酸(teichoi-acid),即胞壁质(murein);NAG;peptidoglycan;Structure of Peptidoglycan;G-细菌细胞壁组成
内壁层很薄,约有2~3nm厚,基本成分是肽聚糖。
外膜(也叫外壁层) 的基本成分是脂多糖,此外还有磷脂、脂蛋白。
脂多糖也称为内毒素,由类脂A、核心多糖和O-侧链构成。;NAG;Lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)脂多糖;Molecular model of E.coli lipopolysaccharide;周质空间
周质空间(periplasmic space,即壁膜间隙)是革兰氏阴性细菌细胞膜与外膜两膜之间的一个透明的区域。; 周质空间含有与营养物运输和营养物进入有关的蛋白质,如营养物进入细胞的蛋白;营养物运输的酶,如蛋白[水解]酶;细胞防御有毒化合物的酶,如破坏青霉素的?-内酰胺酶。革兰氏阳性细菌以上这些酶常分泌到胞外周围,革兰氏阴性细菌则依靠它的外膜,保持这些酶与菌的紧密结合。;革兰氏染色步骤; Procedures of Gram Staining;Staphylococcus aureus;Escherichia coli;比较项目;抗酸细菌的细胞壁;几种细胞壁缺损或无细胞壁的现象;4.2 细胞膜;⑴贮藏物(聚-β-羟丁酸、异染粒、肝糖原)
⑵液泡
⑶核糖体
⑷气泡;Polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB);Many microorganisms accumulate granules of polyphosphate, which are large reserves of inorganic phosphates that can be used in the synthesis of ATP;The sulfur globules(硫颗粒 )inside the cells of purple sulfur bacterium;Gas vacuoles (blue)
and storage granules (red) in the cyanobacterium Microcystis;4 .4 核区;The bacterial chromosome and supercoiling:;Electron micrograph of an isolated nucleoid released from E.coli. ;Plasmids don’t contain the genetic information for the essential metabolic activities of the cell, but they generally do contain genetic information for special features. ;五、特殊结构
⑴ 糖被(荚膜、微荚膜、粘液层、菌胶团)
⑵ 鞭毛
⑶ 菌毛
⑷ 性毛
⑸ 芽孢
⑹ 伴胞晶体;5.1 荚膜;Capsule surrounding cells of Streptococcus species .The capsule is about the diameter of the cell;荚膜与生产实践的关系;5.2 鞭毛;Four basic types of flagellar arrangements;5.3 菌毛;Fimbriae can be evenl
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