吴与弼哲学思想究.pdfVIP

摘 要 吴与弼，字子傅，号康斋，抚州崇仁人，明代早期著名理学家，著有《康 斋集》。黄宗羲《明儒学案》以崇仁吴与弼开篇，并称“微康斋，焉得有后时之 盛”，可见康斋之学为有明一代儒林所推重并对后世有重大影响。 康斋本体论上少有发明，且以此为虚玄。康斋于心性略有论述。其论心， 强调“心本太虚”，“本自莹彻昭融”。其论性，则以为“人性本善、气质可化”。 康斋心性之论乃取孟子、朱子之说。 康斋之学，其独到之处乃其工夫理论及实践。其工夫论之总纲为“静时涵 养、动时省察”。康斋工夫之目的则是求“识本心”，使得“中心洒然”。其具体 之方：一是“读圣贤书，收敛此心”，将心“常常安顿在书上，庶不为外物所胜。” 二是“一边处困，一边进学”。康斋特别强调“患难中好做工夫”。三是“涵养 此心，不为物胜”，要求“克己复礼，反求诸己”。 康斋认为，如此痛下工夫，则可识得“本心”，而“苟得本心，随处皆乐”， 此乃康斋之境界。康斋言“玩圣贤之言，自然心醉”，此乃读书之乐。又言“安 贫乐道，中心洒然”，此乃处困之乐。观万物自得意，佳境可人，此乃舞雩千载 之乐。康斋之乐乃“心平气和”之乐。观康斋之工夫与境界，虽克治勤苦，又 未尝不洒然自得。 康斋于理论格局上虽“一禀宋人成说”，然其笃志圣贤，体察玩味圣贤之言， 刻苦奋励，反躬实践，“无时无处不是工夫”，则是真正之圣贤之学。可以说， 康斋之人格与实践乃康斋之学之特色与意义所在。 关键词：吴与弼；心性论；工夫论；境界论 III ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Wu YuBi ,whose courtesy name Zi Fu, also called Kang Zhai, was a famous Neo-Confucian in the early Ming Dynasty. He wrote the book “Kang Zai Ji”. Wu YuBi was the first person on Huang ZhongXi ’s “Volumes of Ming Confucianists” and Huang ZhongXi said that the study of Kang Zhai made the thoughts prosperity in the future. From this, we can know that the study of Wu YuBi was prevalent among Confucianists in the Ming Dynasty and have a significant impact on future generations. Kang Zhai had little new ideas on the ontology and thought it void. He has some statements on the theory of Mind and Nature. He emphasized that the heart was void and stressed that the people were basically good, temperament may be changed. The Kang Zhai ’s theory of Mind and Nature were almost coming from the theory of Mencius and Zhu Zi. The unique of Kang Zhai ’s study was the effort theory and practice. The general principle of its work as “ self-restraining when quiet; introspection when action”. His purpose was to realize the natural conscience.