cohesion.pptVIP

What is cohesion The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and that define it as a text. (Halliday and Hasan) 衔接：衔接概念是一个语义概念，他指形成语篇的意义关系。 Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation a cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text. The classification of cohesion According to Halliday and Hasan, cohesion can be roughly divided into grammatical cohesion(语法衔接） and lexical cohesion（词汇衔接）. Reference（指代）, ellipsis（省略）, substitution（替代） and conjunction（衔接） are grammatical cohesion,and reiteration（重述）, synonymy（同义）, hyponymy（下义） and collocation（搭配） are lexical cohesions. The distinction between substitution and reference Substitution is a relation between linguistic items, such as words or phrases; whereas reference is a relation between meanings. In terms of the linguistic system, reference is a relation on the semantic level, whereas substitution is a relation on the lexicogrammatical level, the level of grammar and vocabulary, or linguistic ‘form’. Example (1)She wore the pale blue summer bouse which he had brought her home as a present on Saturday. It had cost him ten and eleven pence. (J. Joyce; Dubliners) (2)A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please? B: Give me the same, please. (Quirk, et al. 1972) 在（1）中，it指代上文的the pale blue summer blouse, 二者之间构成认同的一致关系。而在（2）中，the same指代上文中的a cup of black coffee with sugar, 因为在语义上不能指代同一杯咖啡。 而且在替代关系中，替代成分与替代对象的句法功能是一致的，但在照应关系中，指代成分与所指对象之间的句法功能可以是不一致的。 （3）John has moved to a new house. A. He had it built last year. B. His wife must be delighted with it. 我们可以看出A和B都能与上文的John构成照应关系，但是A中的he与John的语法功能相同，所以A是替代，而 B中的 hi