第一部分国际贸易概述(包括国际分工与世界市场)经济班.pptVIP

（二）相对价格与交换比率 1. 相对价格(Relative Prices) The relative price of good X (cheese) in terms of good Y (wine) is the amount of good Y (wine) that can be exchanged for one unit of good X (cheese). Examples of relative prices: If a price of a can of Coke is $0.5, then the relative price of Coke is the amount of $ that can be exchanged for one unit of Coke, which is 0.5. The relative price of a $ in terms of Coke is 2 cans of Coke per dollar. A国出口1单位的粮食到B国，最低要交换到0.6单位的衣服，否则不如自己生产衣服，最高只能交换到1.25单位的衣服，超过这个界限B国就会退出交换。反过来，B国出口1单位衣服到A国，最少要交换到0.8单位粮食，否则不如自己生产粮食，最多只得交换到1.67单位的粮食，超出这个界限A国便会退出贸易。只要双方按照双方可接受的价格来进行交换，两国都能获得比没有贸易分工时更多的商品，增加本国公民实际的物质福利 A国 1F：0.6+C～1.25-C B国 1C：0.8+F～1.67-F 2. Consumer and Producer Surplus Consumer surplus It measures the amount a consumer gains from a purchase by the difference between the price he actually pays and the price he would have been willing to pay. It can be derived from the market demand curve. Graphically, it is equal to the area under the demand curve and above the price. Example: Suppose a person is willing to pay $20 per packet of apples, but the price is only $5. Then, the consumer surplus gained by the purchase of a packet of apples is $15. Producer surplus It measures the amount a producer gains from a sale by the difference between the price he actually receives and the price at which he would have been willing to sell. It can be derived from the market supply curve. Graphically, it is equal to the area above the supply curve and below the price. Example: A producer willing to sell a good for $2 but receiving a price of $5 gains a producer surplus of $3. （1）A国：粮食和衣服的交换比率为100：60 1单位粮食=0.6单位衣服 1单位衣服=1.67单位粮食 （2）B国：粮食和衣服的交换比率为80：100 1单位粮食=1.25单位的衣服 1单位衣服=0.8单位粮食 对A国而言，出口粮食，进口衣服，所以B国衣服与A国粮食交换比率区间为（0.6，1.25），衣服与粮食的交换比例 对B国而言，出口衣服，进口粮食，所以A国粮食与B国衣服交换比率区间为（0.8，1.67），粮食与衣服的交换比例 关于A国粮食和B国衣服的交换比例范围的确定 在A国国内，1单位的粮食可以交换到0.6单位的衣服，如果要在贸易中获益，则在与B国的商品交换中，同样1单位粮食必须交换到多于0.6单位的衣服，即A国粮食和B国衣服交换比例应该小于1：0.6；同样，在B国国内，1单位衣服可以交换0.8单位的粮食，如果要在贸易中获