机械工程英语(刘镇昌)翻译11.docVIP

Lesson11 Designs of Machine Components-Bearings A bearing is a support system for rotating, oscillating, or translating machine elements, in which friction has been greatly reduced. Since it has been estimated in various studies that on the average about 30% of all mechanically transmitted energy are lost to friction, an understanding of friction phenomena in bearings is essential to the machine designer. 轴承是一个用于旋转，摆动，或移动机构中大大降低摩擦的支持系统。据各项研究中估计，平均大约机械传递%，机械设计者对轴承中是必不可少的。Plain bearings provide sliding support, and friction is usually reduced by a liquid, solid, or gaseous lubricant. The following types of plain bearings are in use: 滑动轴承提供滑动支承，摩擦通常由液体、固体或气体的润滑剂减少。滑动轴承有以下类型的使用： 1 Journal bearings or sleeve bearings support a rotating or oscillating shaft. The bearing usually has a cylindrical shape, while the journal is most often physically a portion of the shaft. When the bearing completely surrounds the journal, we speak of a full bearing; when the bearing only partly surrounds the journal, it is called a partial bearing. 轴颈轴承或套筒轴承支撑旋转或摆动轴。轴承通常具有圆柱形状，而轴颈是物理轴最多的一部分。当轴承完全包围轴颈时，我们称之为一个完整的轴承;当轴承仅部分地围绕轴颈时，它被称为一个局部轴承。 2 Thrust bearings support an axial load on a rotating or oscillating shaft. 旋转或摆动轴上的推力轴承支撑轴向负荷。3 Line or guide bearings guide and support translating motion. 线或导轨轴承引导和支持平移运动。 The lubricant in journal bearings is most often oil, in special cases water, and sometimes grease or gas such as air. Some bearing materials provide self-lubrication. Idealy, a film of lubricant separates the surfaces in relative motion. If the lubricant is a fluid, the layer touching the journal moves along with it, while the layer adjacent to the bearing remains stationary. The closer intermediate layers are to the journal, the motion is that of the shear forces between adjacent lubricant layers. To avoid metal-to-metal contact, the minimum film thickness must exceed the combined height of the surface irregularities in journal and bearing. To provide space for the bearing diameter. 轴