第十六讲安全子系统.pptVIP

Module 19: Security The Security Problem Authentication Program Threats System Threats Securing Systems Intrusion Detection Encryption Windows NT The Security Problem Security must consider external environment of the system, and protect it from: unauthorized access. malicious modification or destruction accidental introduction of inconsistency. Easier to protect against accidental than malicious misuse. Authentication User identity most often established through passwords, can be considered a special case of either keys or capabilities. Passwords must be kept secret. Frequent change of passwords. Use of “non-guessable” passwords. Log all invalid access attempts. Passwords may also either be encrypted or allowed to be used only once. Program Threats Trojan Horse Code segment that misuses its environment. Exploits mechanisms for allowing programs written by users to be executed by other users. Trap Door Specific user identifier or password that circumvents normal security procedures. Could be included in a compiler. Stack and Buffer Overflow Exploits a bug in a program (overflow either the stack or memory buffers.) System Threats Worms – use spawn mechanism; standalone program Internet worm Exploited UNIX networking features (remote access) and bugs in finger and sendmail programs. Grappling hook program uploaded main worm program. Viruses – fragment of code embedded in a legitimate program. Mainly effect microcomputer systems. Downloading viral programs from public bulletin boards or exchanging floppy disks containing an infection. Safe computing. Denial of Service Overload the targeted computer preventing it from doing any sueful work. The Morris Internet Worm Threat Monitoring Check for suspicious patterns of activity – i.e., several incorrect password attempts may signal password guessing. Audit log – records the time, user, and type of all accesses to an object; useful for recovery from a violation and developing better security measures. Scan the system p