词义的变化资料.pptVIP

Randolph Quirk ever said:Change of meaning is a commonplace, and indeed it would appear to be fundamental in living language. …almost every word we use today has a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century ago: and a century ago it had a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century before that. 赖萍萍 1223039 历丹萍 1217109 The reasons of changes The types of changes Semantic shift Process of changes Tendency of changes The Reasons The linguistic factors(语言内部因素） The extra-linguistic factors（语言外部因素） The linguistic factors 1.The changes of word meanings link to languages development,which relates intimately to development of humans recognition. 2.Loaning has impacted on changes. 英语中的借词特别多，主要是来自于拉丁语，斯堪的纳维亚各族语言和法语。由于借词能够更加准确地描述某个事物，从而使一些本组词语失去原有意义。 For example, chair:更舒适的座位 stool：各种座椅→ stool：凳子 3.Simplification of word meanings leads to changes. 时间 → time tide 时节 → season 小时 → hour 潮汐 → tide 4.Simplification also results in changes. 语言逐渐趋向简化是英语的一条发展规律。 EX: the English language英语 English英语 English the English people英国人 5.Some rhetorical devices always influence changes,such as analogy,mataphor and metonymy. Ex: Fox狐狸------狡猾的人 Foot------foot of the hill,foot of the bed fortuitous偶然的------幸运 The extra-linguistic factors 1.Social development or historical influence Car：两轮的战车→汽车 Manuscript:手稿→既可以是打字机打的，也可以是电脑打的 straw:麦秸→由塑料或纸制成的吸管 专门和普通词汇之间的交叉使用，也使词的意义发生变化。 EX: salt(食盐)→化学词汇中便成了“一切盐类” bug(臭)→电脑词汇中成了“窃听器” appendix(附)→医学词汇学中成了“盲肠” scene(专戏剧为布景)→各种“场景” aloof(专航海为把船头调到顶风的方向)→避开，远离 一些体育项目的词语也随着运动项目的发展而改变。 The influence of social envir