临床心理学(PART1)_郑希耕_模型健康详解.ppt

临床心理学的现象学传统 临床心理学的认知与行为神经科学进展 现象学心理学方法试图建立一门与自然科学相对的研究活生生的人类心理的严格科学。它打破了几千年来惯常的“物化思维方式”，不再把人当成纯粹的自然物看待，将过去的“主体与客体的关系”、认识与被认识、征服与被征服的关系还原为 “心物共存”的关系。没有离开世界的人，也没有与人无关的纯粹的客观世界。 人的生活就是建立他的“主观世界”；主观世界具有客观性，纯粹客观的东西对人不构成人类生活的心理意义。承认人类心理具有“意动性”特征。 现象学心理学抛弃了关于“人的本质”的抽象概念，关注“心理现象的结构”，并将心理经验“按某种最基本的结构”进行整理（时序，空距，因果）。 精神分析，人本主义和存在主义都遵循现象学传统。 本能即兴奋性能量，个体需要把这种兴奋性能量表达出来（精神灌注），所谓本质力量的对象化。 “生本能”和“攻击本能”需要通过生长与扩张加以表达； “死亡本能”需要通过破坏自身完成表达； “性欲本能”需要通过“找到一个满意的对象”加以表达； “爱欲本能”需要通过“与更大集体的融合”加以表达。 肛欲期情结（1-3岁）； 不安全感；不安全人格； 追求秩序与控制； 敌意与对抗； 抑制的能力； 俄狄浦斯情结（3-6岁）； 追求意义；成功；性身份； 竞争性态度； “对成功的恐惧”； 生殖期人格： 尊重； 平等； 合作； 创造； Operant procedures The other 105 rats were assigned into 12groups, i.e., Morphine-2.5% (n=8), Saline-2.5% (n=9), Morphine-4% (n=8), Saline-4% (n=9), Morphine-15% (n=9), Saline-15% (n=10), Morphine-30% (n=9), Saline-30% (n=10), Morphine-40% (n= 9), Saline-40% (n=9), Morphine-60% (n=7), Saline-60% (n=8). On day 4 of withdrawal, those rats were habituated to the operant chamber for 15min, and then were immediately given a 60-min session to be trained to associate stimuli with the delivery of 0.08 ml liquid dispensed in the central liquid receptacle. In the 60-min session, the chamber was illuminated by two nose-poke lights, and liquid was delivered into the central liquid receptacle on a variable interval (VI)40-s schedule (ChudasamaandRobbins,2003). One second before a liquid dropped, the houselight (as the stimuli) was switched and remained on for a total of 4s. During the habituation, tap water was used as the liquid reward. To ensure that the rats drink more water in the operating chambers, water and food was removed from their housecages 12 and 18h before the habituation started, respectively. Throughout the operant training and testing, the rats were allowed to have access to food during 1h per day after each daily session in order to maintain a body weight 85% percent of their baseline weight (Dias-Ferreiraetal.,2009). On the day after habituation, animals were trained to attai