lessontentheecologyofpopulations课件.pptVIP

　 In nature, however, many stable, highly diverse communities are characterized by the presence of numerous simple food webs. It may be that stable environments beget diversity because they allow rare species to persist. 实际上，许多稳定的，高差异的社会群体是由众多简单食物链支撑的。 可能是稳定的环境引起差异，它只允许很少的物种存留。 　　 3. how population are distributed Just as competition, predation, and other elements interact to determine the size of a population within a community, population distribution is the result of many interrelated factors. 正如竞争，捕食，和其他因素相互作用影响着群体大小，群体分布是许多相关因子相互作用的结果。 Overall, the distribution of a population in its potential range depends on locations of food and suitable habitat, interspecific competition for resources, and other variables. 总之，潜在的群体分布取决于食物的位置和稳定的住所，种间对资源的竞争，以及其他可变因素。 　　 among plants, one of the most effective forms of interspecific competition for resources is allelopathy. Among species that share similar or identical habitat niches（小生态环境）, resource partitioning is often seen. 对于大多数植物，种间最有效的资源竞争是异种相克相成。许多物种分享相同或相似的生存环境，进行资源划分。 　　 In character displacement, closely related species have evolved physical differences in body structures used for exploiting a limited resource. Eventually, such solutions to the need for dividing up a scarce resource may lead to speciation. 在特征替换中，关系相近的物种已经产生了很大的身体结构自然差异用于利用有限的资源。最终，这种对珍稀资源的分配需要方式可能导致了物种的产生。 　　 4.human population: a case study in exponential growth The awesome rate of increase that is now a feature of the human population started about 10000 years ago during the agricultural revolution. At that time, world human population is estimated to have totaled 133 million people; 自从1万年前农业革命以来，人类人口以惊人的速度增长着。当时，世界人口估计在133百万； today it has reached a staggering 5 billion. Viewed on a graph, this increase closely resembles the classical exponential growth curve-a growth pattern that cannot be sustained. 今天已经达到50亿。几乎接近典型的指数增长曲线，一个不稳定的增长模式。 　　 while the birth rate in many developed countries has slowed, it remains high in less