海水淡化在加利福尼亚州讲义.docVIP

海水淡化在加利福尼亚州 CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND第一章： 背景 Desalination Plants Worldwide海水淡化厂世界范围 Desalination Technologies海水淡化技术 Reverse Osmosis (RO)反渗透（反渗透） Distillation蒸馏 Input Water (Feedwater)投入水（给水） Product Water生产用水 Product Water Recovery产品水回收 Pretreatment Processes预处理过程 Filter Backwashing, Membrane Cleaning and Storage, Scaling Prevention and Removal, and Pipeline Cleaning过滤器反冲洗，膜的清洗和存放，防结垢和移除，以及管道清洗 Waste Discharges废污水排放 Energy Use能源使用 Comparison of Distillation and Reverse Osmosis Technologies比较蒸馏和反渗透技术 Costs of Desalinated Water成本的淡化水 Costs of Other Water Sources成本的其他水源 Desalination Plants Worldwide海水淡化厂世界范围 Of the more than 7,500 desalination plants in operation worldwide, 60% are located in the Middle East.对超过7500名的海水淡化厂在世界各地运行， 60 ％是位于中东地区。 The worlds largest plant in Saudi Arabia produces 128 MGD of desalted water.世界上最大的核电厂在沙特阿拉伯生产128 mgd的脱盐水。 In contrast, 12% of the worlds capacity is produced in the Americas, with most of the plants located in the Caribbean and Florida.相比之下， 12 ％的世界的能力，是产于美洲，而且大部份的工厂位于加勒比海和佛罗里达州。 To date, only a limited number of desalination plants have been built along the California coast, primarily because the cost of desalination is generally higher than the costs of other water supply alternatives available in California (eg, water transfers and groundwater pumping).迄今为止，只有有限数量的海水淡化厂已建成沿加州海岸，这主要是因为海水化淡的成本普遍高于成本的其他供水办法可在加利福尼亚州（例如，水资源转移和地下水抽水） 。 However, as drought conditions occur and concern over water availability increases, desalination projects are being proposed at numerous locations in the state.然而，由于干旱条件下发生和关注水的供应增加，海水淡化项目正在拟议在许多地点设在国家。 Desalination Technologies海水淡化技术 Desalination is a process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater, brackish water, or treated wastewater.海水淡化是一个过程，可去除溶解矿物质（包括但不限于盐） ，从海水，半咸水或处理过的废水。 A number of technologies have been developed for desalination, including reverse osmosis (RO), distillation, electrodialysis, and vacuum freezing.一些技术已经开发出来，用于海水淡化，