南昌会议郭灵资料讲解.ppt

人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力， 明辨是非的能力。 所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读， 古人说“书中自有黄金屋。 ”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识， 培养逻辑思维能力； 通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平， 培养文学情趣； 通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。 有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操， 给我们巨大的精神力量， 鼓舞我们前进。 * 151例转移性非小细胞肺癌患者，随机分为早期姑息联合标准抗肿瘤治疗组和单独标准抗肿瘤治疗组。其中早期姑息联合标准抗肿瘤治疗组患者中位生存期较单独标准抗肿瘤治疗组延长2.7个月。 * * NCCN指南和WHO基本原则一致，都强调按阶梯给药和按时给药，但NCCN指南弱化了二阶梯，而且短效阿片类药物的滴定更加灵活。WHO和NCCN指南之间是一般与特殊、整体与个体、简单与复杂的关系。 NCCN指南和WHO基本原则一致，都强调按阶梯给药和按时给药，但NCCN指南弱化了二阶梯，而且短效阿片类药物的滴定更加灵活。WHO和NCCN指南之间是一般与特殊、整体与个体、简单与复杂的关系。 * Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: e58–68 * For mild to moderate pain, weak opioids such as codeine, tramadol and dihydrocodeine should be given in combination with non opioid analgesics [III, C]. As an alternative to weak opiods, low doses of strong opiods in combination with nonopiod analgesics should be considered [III, C]. treatment of moderate–severe pain Strong opioids are the mainstay of analgesic therapy in treating moderate–severe cancer-related pain. In some countries, pain relief is hampered by lack of availability of, or barriers to accessibility to, opioid analgesics [50]. Morphine, methadone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, alfentanyl, buprenorphine, heroin, levorphanol, oxymorphone are the most used strong opioids in Europe [50, 51]. In recent years, in some countries, the consumption of oxycontin and patches of fentanyl and buprenorphine has been increasing [52]. However, there is no evidence from high-quality comparative studies that other opioids are superior to morphine in terms of efficacy and tolerability. New opioid analgesics are now available, e.g. oxycodone/naloxone combination, which have been shown to be effective and potentially have fewer side effects in some clinical settings although further research into their clinical effects in cancer patients is needed. In many countries, since 1977, oral morphine has been used in hospices and palliative care units as the drug of choice for the management of chronic cancer pain of moderate to severe intensity because it provides effective