实用主义和进步主义.ppt

Curriculum Pragmatists have rejected the tendency of traditional approaches to curriculum in which knowledge is separated from experience and is fragmented or compartmentalized. Pragmatists believe in a diversified curriculum. Pragmatists advocate “problem-centered learning”, the “project method,” and the “problems approach”. Curriculum Pragmatist curriculum is composed of both process and content, but it is not fixed or an end in itself. Traditional disciplines are not ignored; rather, they are studied and used for the light they throw on the problem and for their significance in aiding student growth. Role of the Teacher The educative process is fulfilled only when we promote understanding and intelligent action. Helping the child think and do becomes education, as apposed to mere training. The teacher should serve as a knowledgeable guide and resource for students. The teacher’s major role is to establish a proper learning environment to stimulate desired intellectual and emotional growth among students. Role of the Teacher Both teachers and students should be viewed as active. The teacher’s action is on the side of arranging the learning environment, guiding student learning activities, and helping students locate knowledge and integrate it into their own experiences; the students’ action is on the side of questioning, seeking information and knowledge of the conditions that affect them, an growing in understanding and ability to manage their lives and to participate fruitfully in society. Role of the Teacher The pragmatists’ model for the teacher calls for an exceptionally competent person, one who possesses both breadth and depth of knowledge, understands current conditions that affect the lives of students, knows how to organize and direct student investigations, understand child psychology and learning theory, provides a supportive environment in which students may learn, and possesses a refined understanding of school and community resources available for