世界大洋的热量平衡.pptVIP

Effect of pressure, temperature and salinity on density S24.7, the density will continue to increase with decreasing temperature until the water freezes When T is constant, the density increases with increasing S Review Properties of pure water Temperature( T, ℃)、 Salinity (S) and Conductivity(电导率) 、 Density (?, kg/m3) 海水的热力学性质 热容、比热容 绝热变化／位温 沸点升高／冰点降低 3. The Oceanic Heat Budget世界大洋的热量平衡 3.1 海面热收支(Heat budget of the sea surface) Heat-budget terms: Insolation(太阳辐射) QS, the flux of sunlight into the sea Net Infrared Radiation(长波辐射) Qb, net flux of infrared (long-wave) radiation from the sea Sensible Heat(感热) Flux Qh, the flux of heat through the surface due to conduction Latent Heat(潜热) Flux Qe, the flux of heat carried by evaporation/condensation Advection QV, heat carried by currents 3.1.1 太阳辐射能(Solar Radiation) 辐射定律(Law of radiation) 斯蒂芬—波尔兹曼定律：??? 任何温度高于绝对零度的物体都能以辐射的形式向外释放能量，它与绝对温度Tk的4次方成正比。 维恩定律： ??? 辐射能量的最大波长与辐射体表面的绝对温度成反比。  影响因素（Influencing Factors） Latitude: The polar regions are heated less than the tropics Season: Areas in winter are heated less thn the same area in summer Time of day: Areas in early morning are heated less than the same area at noon Cloudiness: Cloudy days have less than sunny days 随纬度升高而减小 总辐射能最大值出现副热带海域（与太阳高度、云量有关） 太阳辐射的年变化随纬度升高而增大。 3.1.2海面有效回辐射Qb( significant reradiation of the sea surface) 定义(definition)：??? 海面向大气的长波辐射与大气向海洋的长波辐射之差。 Influencing Factor Cloud(云） Clouds thickness (The thicker, the less heat escape to space) Atmospheric water-vapor content（水汽含量） (The more humid the atmosphere the less heat escapes to space) Water temperature（海面水温）: The hotter, more heat is radiated Distribution(分布） 海面水温和海洋上层的相对湿度的日变化和年度变化相对较小，则Qb随纬度及季节变化小。 3.1.3 蒸发潜热Qe Latent Flux 3、分布及变化(distribution and changes)：(a)经向（南北）：赤道蒸发量小（相对湿度大，风速小） 高纬度海区小（温度低，水汽含量少） 副热带和信风带海区大气流下沉，空气干燥，气温高，风大(b)季节变化：??? 冬季最强（风速大，水汽压差大，水温高于气温，空气层结不稳） 3.1.4 感热交换Sensible-Heat 3.2 海洋内部热交换（Heat exchange in the ocean） ??? 一、铅直方向上的热输运Qz ( vertical)??? 二