Nuclear fission and fusion(聚变与裂变).pptVIP

Nuclear Fission and Fusion Chang Caixian Main Contents Energy-mass equivalence Nuclear binding energy Binding energy per nucleon Nuclear fusion Nuclear fission Energy-mass equivalence particle Mass/atomic mass units(u) Mass/SI units (kg) proton 1.007276 1.672623×10-27 neutron 1.008665 1674929×10-27 electron 09.109390×10-31 u : unified atomic mass unit (= 1.672623×10-27kg) Table 1 Energy-mass equivalence Mass deficit / Mass defect Definition of the mass deficit or mass defect The measured mass of the nucleus is always less than the total mass of its constituent nucleons. This difference is called the mass deficit or mass defect . How to calculate the mass deficit ?m=Zmp+(A-Z)mn-mx ?m: mass deficit Mp: mass of proton Mn: mass of neutron Mx: measure mass of nucleus Exercise 1 proton neutron Six neutrons Six protons mx = atomic mass minus electron mass Zmp = 6 multiplied by proton mass (A-Z)mn = (12-6) multiplied by neutron mass ?m=Zmp+(A-Z)mn-mx Results: ?m=0.098937u, ?m=0.098937× 1.672623×10-27kg =1.642354 ×10-28kg Nuclear binding energy Why mass deficit exists? A small amount of the mass of the nucleons is converted into the energy need to hold the nucleus together. This is called binding energy. Einstein’s mass-energy relationship: E=mc2 ?E=(?m)c2 Two systems of units are used for calculating binding energy. When using the mass deficit in kilogram (kg) and c=3.00 ×108ms-1, the binding energy will be given in joules (J). When using the mass deficit in atomic mass units (u), the binding energy will be given in mega-electronvolts (MeV). 1u=931.5MeV, 1eV=1.6022×10-19J Exercise 2 Calculate the binding energy for a carbon-12 nucleus in both joules and electrovolts. From exercise 1, : ?m=0.098937u, ?m=1.642354 ×10-28kg Working in kg, ?E=(?m)c2=1.478 ×10-11J Converting to electronvolts, ?E=1.478 ×10-11J/1.6022×10-19=92.3MeV Working in u, ?E=0.098937×931.5MeV =92.2MeV Binding