油气工程英语(English).docVIP

油气工程英语 UNIT 1 Origin of Oil and Gas 石油和天然气的成因 Oil and gas result mostly from dead microorganisms buried quickly in anoxic environments , where oxygen is so scarce that they do not decompose. This lack of oxygen enables them to maintain their hydrogen-carbon bonds , a necessary ingredient for the production of fossil fuels. Newly developing ocean basins ,formed by plate tectonics and continental rifting (deforrnation) , provide just the right conditions for rapid burial in anoxic waters. Rivers fill these basins with sediments carrying abundant organic remains. Because the basins have constricted water circulation ,they also have lower oxygen levels than the open ocean. 石油和天然气大多是由缺氧环境下迅速被掩埋的死亡微生物生成的。这种环境氧气奇缺致使这些微生物无法分解。氧气的缺乏能够使那些死去的微生物保持他们的碳氢键——这是产生化石燃料的一种必要组分。由板块构造运动和大陆裂谷作用（变形）而新近演化形成的大洋盆地，正好为在缺氧水域的快速埋藏提供了合适环境。河流携带着丰富的有机残余物充填这些盆地。由于这些盆地的水循环受到局限，因此，他们的含氧量比开阔的大洋更低。 Plate tectonics is also responsible for creating the “pressure cooker” that slowly matures the organics into oil and gas. This process usually takes millions of years , giving the oil and gas deposits time to migrate around the globe on the back of plate movements. Because these hydrocarbons are much more buoyant than water ,they eventually force their way to the surface . Alternatively , rifting, collisions between landmasses, and other tectonic forces can free the mature oil and gas from deep within sedimentary basins and then trap these organic fluids in reservoirs before they escape to the earth’s surface. We know these reservoirs as oil and gas fields. 板块构造还形成了一个使有机质缓慢成熟演化成石油和天然气的“压力锅”。油气生成过程通常要经历数百万年，从而为在板块运动背景下油气的运移提供了时间。因为烃类化合物比水的浮力大，所以他们最终会竭力上升到地表。同时裂谷作用，板块之间的碰撞以及其他构造力可以将沉积盆地深处成熟的石油或者天然气释放出来，并在这些有机流体逸散到地表之前，将他们圈闭在油气藏中，我们称这些油气藏为油气田。 The same plate tectonics that creates the locations and conditions for anoxic burial is also responsible for the geologic paths that these sedimentary basins subsequently take. Continents provide the movement from swamps, river deltas and mild climates-where mo