technicalenglishL教程.ppt

In today’s class Presentation Listening and dictation Reading and vocabulary Microorganisms and Viruses Difference Between Prokaryotes and?Eukaryotes Listening practice Microorganisms and Viruses microorganism微生物 Species 种(分类学上的种) producer microorganism生产菌种 chemoorganotrophs 有机化能营养菌 metabolism代谢 Gram-positive革兰氏阳性的 aerobic好氧菌的 Endospore-forming形成内生孢子的 bacterium／bacteria细菌 Corynebacterium棒状杆菌属 Brevibacterium短杆菌属 filamentous丝状的 actinomycetes放线菌 genus属(分类学) Streptomyces链霉菌属 Gram-negative革兰氏阴性的 xanthomonads黄单胞杆菌 fungi真菌 Non-pathogenic非致病菌 maintain保藏 Escherichia coli大肠杆菌 Bacillus subtilis枯草芽孢杆菌 Saccharomyces cerevisiae酿酒酵母 host寄主菌 virus病毒 submicroscopic亚显微的 infect感染 genome基因 protein coat蛋白质外壳 subunit亚单位 lipoprotein脂蛋白 replicating microorganism自身复制的微生物 oblitae专性的，必需的 intracellular growth细胞内生长 heavy dependence on host cell完全依赖寄主细胞 bacteriophage噬菌体 at the onset of infection一旦感染上 glutamic acid fermentation谷氨酸发酵 Microorganisms and Viruses Of the many thousands of microbial species，relatively few are currently exploited．Some important products and producer microorganisms are given in table 1，and while this list is by no means exhaustive it emphasizes the scope of the biotechnology． Table 1 Some important products from microorganisms and sources The principal microorganisms involved are all chemoorganotrophs and derive their carbon and energy supply from the metabolism of organic compounds． Of the Gram—positive organisms，aerobic，endospore—forming bacteria of the genus Bacillus，some coryneform bacteria (Coryrnebacterium and Brevibacterium) and the filamentous bacteria (actinomycetes) particularly of the genus Streptomyces are well represented． Gram-negative types include acetic acid bacteria and xanthomonads．Various yeasts and filamentous fungi，are also involved．The relevant characteristics of these microorganisms are that they should be non-pathogenic，easy to maintain and cheap to grow． Escherichia coli，Bacilius subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are being develop