中科大程序设计与计算机系统lec02c-Float分析.ppt

Computer Systems:A Programmer’s Perspective 程序设计与计算机系统Lecture 2c November 18, 2014 Wu junmin (jmwu@ustc.edu.cn) Overview IEEE Floating Point Standard Rounding Floating Point Operations Mathematical properties Floating Point Puzzles For each of the following C expressions, either: Argue that it is true for all argument values Explain why not true IEEE Floating Point IEEE Standard 754 Established in 1985 as uniform standard for floating point arithmetic Before that, many idiosyncratic formats Supported by all major CPUs Driven by Numerical Concerns Nice standards for rounding, overflow, underflow Hard to make go fast Numerical analysts predominated over hardware types in defining standard Fractional Binary Numbers Representation Bits to right of “binary point” represent fractional powers of 2 Represents rational number: Frac. Binary Number Examples Value Representation 5-3/4 101.112 2-7/8 10.1112 63/64 0.1111112 Observations Divide by 2 by shifting right Multiply by 2 by shifting left Numbers of form 0.111111…2 just below 1.0 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + … + 1/2i + … ? 1.0 Use notation 1.0 – ? Representable Numbers Limitation Can only exactly represent numbers of the form x/2k Other numbers have repeating bit representations Value Representation 1/3 0.0101010101[01]…2 1/5 0.001100110011[0011]…2 1/10 0.0001100110011[0011]…2 Floating Point Representation Numerical Form –1s M 2E Sign bit s determines whether number is negative or positive Significand M normally a fractional value in range [1.0,2.0). Exponent E weights value by power of two Encoding MSB is sign bit exp field encodes E frac field encodes M Floating Point Precisions FP comes in three flavors Normalized: When exp isn’t all 0s or 1s Larges range Mantissa has implied leading “1.” Denormalized: When exp is all 0s evenly spaced close to 0 Special: When exp is all 1s infinities Not a numbers “Normalized” Numeric Values Condition:?exp ? 000…0 and exp ? 111…1 Exponent coded as biased value ?E = Exp – B